University of Queensland and MIT 2026: which sectors are most exposed to AI risk.

The authors write that the standards, enforcement and liability other safety-critical industries rely on are still forming or missing for AI.

8 June 2026

272

AI-risk experts on the panel

37

countries represented across academia, industry and government

24

AI risk subdomains rated for severity and exposure

University of Queensland and MIT, 2026

In 2026 a team led by researchers at the University of Queensland and MIT FutureTech published a three-round expert study on which risks from AI matter most. The method is a Delphi study: a panel rates each risk, sees how peers rated it and revises over rounds.

An international panel of 272 AI-risk experts judged information, finance and national security the sectors most exposed to AI risk.

The panel’s ratings spread vulnerability to AI risk across users, affected people and nearly every sector, and placed responsibility for addressing it mainly on general-purpose AI developers and on governments, regulators and standards bodies. The authors write:

“Comparable mechanisms for AI are nascent or absent. Without them, vulnerable parties have little recourse and responsible parties face little pressure to act.”
University of Queensland and MIT, 2026

The authors write that other safety-critical industries rely on mandatory standards, enforcement, liability and a public expectation of low risk, and that for AI these are still forming or missing. They note that AI risk management inside organizations has been described as layered defenses combining operational, monitoring and audit functions, and say the same logic can extend to the whole AI ecosystem, since societal resilience requires coordinated action from many actors.

The authors warn that responsibility shared across many actors can become “responsibility held by none.”

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